_372 2023 UNIVERSAL REGISTRATION DOCUMENT_MICHELIN 5 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 2023 consolidated financial statements 3.8 Revenue recognition The sale of tires, in the original equipment or replacement market, constitutes the majority of Group income. In the replacement market, tires are sold to distributors (wholesalers, specialist dealers, etc.) who are customers of the Group. These distributors have the full and complete possibility to use the tires for their own benefit, or to market them, and in this case, to fix the resale price. Furthermore, they carry the inventory risk. The terms of sale offered by Group companies, in line with normal market practice, vary according to the customer category and the country in which the sales are made. They provide however, that the payment for the goods sold will be made in a period appreciably less than one year and there is therefore no reason to adjust the amount of consideration received from customers to take into account the effects of a financing component. Each delivery of tires, either in the original equipment market with car manufacturers or in the replacement market, represents a distinct and separate performance obligation to be fulfilled at a point in time and which corresponds to the loading of goods or their delivery, in accordance with the underlying contract. The warranties offered to the buyers cover design or manufacturing defects, which may appear as irregular or excessive tire wear under normal conditions of use. These warranties, which do not provide the customer with any supplementary guarantee, apart from the fact that the tire is exempt from defects, continue to be accounted for in accordance with IAS 37 “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent Assets”. The Group agrees, under certain conditions, to give trade concessions or to reimburse unsatisfied customers. Occasionally and under special circumstances, it also grants the right to return products already sold. This right gives rise to the recognition of a liability and a reduction in income, as well as an asset representing the Group's right to recover the goods that customers will return. In addition, the amount that the Group effectively receives for the tires delivered, as well as the revenue from sales recognized in the income statement, can vary as a result of deferred rebates stipulated in contractual agreements and/or at the start of marketing campaigns, which will be paid to the customers at the end of the reference period and depending on the achievement of qualitative or quantitative objectives set for that period. Their value is determined using the expected value method. The Group relies on the analysis of historical data and its accumulated experience to estimate the probable amount of rebates and discounts to be given to customers. Income from ordinary activities is therefore recognized taking into account the uncertainty surrounding the different components of variable consideration and to the extent that it is highly probable that the outcome of this uncertainty will not give rise to a significant reduction in the amount of sales already recognized, once the uncertainty is resolved. The difference between the amounts invoiced to the customers and the level of income recorded from ordinary activities results in the recognition of a liability in respect of the future reimbursement under “Other current liabilities” in the consolidated statement of financial position. The other sales categories essentially comprise the management of tires for commercial fleets and the supply of telematics services, where the main objective is greater fuel economy and fleet efficiency. The services supplied under these contracts consist of a single performance obligation satisfied over time for which the sales revenue is recognized according to the stage of completion, measured on the basis of the work performed and the costs incurred. The Group may enter into multi-year agreements with customers, which include a commitment regarding its capacity to supply the products, in exchange for a specific amount of consideration. This is to be paid in advance of fulfillment of the obligations to supply the products, which will be spread over the duration of the contract. As such, this commitment is considered to be linked to the supply of the products and will be recognized as revenue as and when the supply obligations are fulfilled. When the payment is received, a contract liability is recognized and split between the line items “Provisions and other non-current liabilities” and “Provisions and other current liabilities” in the consolidated statement of financial position, depending on the date the performance obligations are fulfilled. 3.9 Cost of sales Cost of sales for the Group's manufacturing activities comprises the costs of manufacturing products and the cost of goods purchased for resale. It includes the purchase cost of raw materials, production costs directly related to the manufactured products and all production overheads, based on the normal capacity of manufacturing facilities. Production overheads include depreciation of property, plant and equipment, amortization of intangible assets relating to production and write-downs of inventories. Cost of sales also includes a relevant portion of general overheads to the extent that they are directly attributable to bringing the manufactured products to their present location and condition. For non-manufacturing activities, especially customer services, cost of sales includes all the costs incurred to produce, administer or execute a service delivered in the distribution network. Cost of sales for these activities mainly comprises employee benefits expense, depreciation of facilities and equipment, energy costs and the cost of acquiring and processing the data needed to produce the service.
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